Synthesis of Sentences in English
The process by which two or more simple sentences are joined into one simple,
compound or complex sentence is called synthesis.
Simple Sentence:
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) He heard a noise.
(b) He got up.
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Hearing a noise, he got up.
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2.
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(a) He has three sons.
(b) He has to educate them.
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He has three sons to
educate.
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3.
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(a) You will win the election.
(b) That is certain.
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You’ll certainly win the election.
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Note: A simple sentence must have a
subject and a finite verb.
Compound
Sentence:
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) I went to the fair.
(b) I did not buy anything.
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I went to the fair but did
not buy anything.
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2.
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(a) Tom got up.
(b) He went to the post
office.
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Tom got up and went to the
post office.
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3.
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(a) You can have tea.
(b) You can have coffee.
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You can have tea or
coffee.
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Note: (i) There
are two or more clauses in a compound sentence.
(ii) Connectives of compound sentence
– and, still, however, both …
and, or yet, nevertheless, neither… nor, but, nor, therefore, not only ….. but
also.
Complex
Sentence:
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) I went there.
(b) The door was locked.
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When I went there, the door
was locked:
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2.
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(a) This is the letter.
(b) Mukul wrote it.
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This is the letter which
Mukul wrote.
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3.
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(a) I was right.
(b) The teacher told me
this.
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The teacher told me that I
was right.
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Note: There may be many main clauses
in a complex sentence but one of them at least, must be subordinate clause.
Combining Simple
Sentences:
Now we’ll learn how to combine simple sentences.
I.
Use of and. as well as, both
... and, not only ... but also.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) I finished my breakfast.
(b) I went for a walk.
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I finished my breakfast and
went for a walk.
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2.
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(a) Madiha was punished.
(b) Hania was punished.
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Madiha as well as Hania was
punished.
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3.
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(a) He speaks Urdu.
(b) He speaks English.
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He speaks both Urdu and
English.
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4.
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(a) John was fined.
(b) John was expelled also.
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John was not only fined but
also expelled.
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II.
Use of or, nor, neither, else, otherwise, either... or, neither ... nor.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) Will you have tea?.
(b) Will you have coffee?
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Will you have tea or
coffee?
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2.
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(a) He does not play
football.
(b) He does not play
cricket.
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He plays neither football
nor cricket.
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3.
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(a) Rahim does not smoke.
(b) He does not drink.
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Rahim neither smokes nor
drinks.
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4.
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(a) Run fast.
(b) You will be late.
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Run fast, else you’ll be
late.
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5.
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(a) Mend your ways.
(b) You will suffer.
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Mend your ways, otherwise
you will suffer.
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6.
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(a) Rehana can do it.
(b) Ruby can do it.
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Either Rehana or Ruby can do
it.
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7.
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(a) The banks are not open
today.
(b) The schools are not open
today.
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Neither the banks nor the
schools are open today.
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III.
Use of but, still, yet, nevertheless,
however.
Look at these sentences.
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) Many of you can read
English.
(b) You cannot speak
English.
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Many of you can read but
cannot speak English.
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2.
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(a) He is rich.
(b) He is unhappy.
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He is rich, still he is
unhappy.
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3.
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(a) Pervaiz worked hard.
(b) He failed.
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Pervaiz worked hard, yet he
failed.
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4.
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(a) He has a lot of faults.
(b) I admire him very much.
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He has a lot of faults,
nevertheless I admire him very much.
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5.
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(a) He was ill.
(b) He decided to go.
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He was ill, however, he
decided to go.
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IV.
Use of therefore, so, far,
consequently, hence.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) He was found guilty.
(b) He was hanged.
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He was found guilty;
therefore, he was hanged.
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2.
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(a) It was getting dark.
(b) We went home.
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It was getting dark, so we
went home.
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3.
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(a) We we’ll die one day.
(b) All men are mortal.
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We will die one day, for all
men are mortal.
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4.
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(a) They would not believe
me.
(b) I had to give them
proofs.
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They would not believe me,
consequently I had to give them proofs.
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5.
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(a) He died for us.
(b) We honour him.
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He died for us, hence we
honour him.
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V.
Use of as …. As, so …. As, than.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) She is pretty.
(b) Her sister is pretty.
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She is as pretty as her
sister.
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2.
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(a) She did not run quickly.
(b) Her sister ran quickly.
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She did not run, so quickly
as her sister.
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3.
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(a) This book is easier.
(b) That book is easy.
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This book is easier than
that book.
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VI. Use of Who, whom, whose,
which, that.
Look at these sentences.
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Separate (Simple Sentences)
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Combined (Simple Sentences)
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1.
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(a) I met my friend.
(b) He is in London now.
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I met my friend who is in Londonnow.
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2.
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(a) Here is the boy.
(b) You wanted to see.
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Here is the boy whom you
wanted to see.
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3.
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(a) This is the girl.
(b) Her parents are in Lahore..
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This is the girl whose
parents are inLahore.
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4.
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(a) I have a car.
(b) It is blue.
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I have a car which is blue.
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5.
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(a) This is the house.
(b) Javaid Built it.
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This is the house that
Javaid built.
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VII.
Use of when, whenever, while, before,
after, as, since, as soon as.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) The sun set.
(b) We returned home.
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When the sun set, we
returned home.
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2.
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(a) I want to go.
(b) The child begins to cry.
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Whenever I want to go, the
child begins to cry.
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3.
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(a) I wrote the letter.
(b) I was in hospital.
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I wrote the letter while I
was in hospital.
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4.
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(a) I had left home.
(b) He came later.
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I had left home before he
came.
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5.
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(a) I arrived.
(b) He had left.
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I arrived after he had left.
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6.
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(a) I found it.
(b) I was going to
college.
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I found it as I was going
to college.
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7.
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( (a) Mr. Rehan
is ill.
(b) He cannot attend the
meeting.
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Since Mr. Rehan is ill, he
cannot attend the Meeting.
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8.
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(a) He will do it. (b) He
comes home.
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He will do it as soon as he
comes home.
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VIII. Use
of till, until, as long as
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) Let us wait.
(b) The rain stops.
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Let us wait till the rain
stops.
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2.
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(a) I told him to stay.
(b) I returned.
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I told him to stay until I
returned.
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3.
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(a) You can keep the book.
(b) You like.
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You can keep the book as
long as you like.
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IX.
Use of because, if. unless, though, although.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) I did it.
(b) I had to do it.
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I did it because I had to do
it.
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2.
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(a) Don’t eat too much
(b) You will be ill.
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If you eat too much, you
we’ll be ill.
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3.
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(a) You must work hard.
(b) Otherwise you won’t
pass.
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You won’t pass unless you
work hard.
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4.
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(a) He is contented.
(b) He is poor.
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He is contented, though he
is poor.
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5.
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(a) He did not have much
wealth. (b) He was not unhappy.
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Although he did not have
much wealth, he was not unhappy.
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X.
Use of as, if, where, why.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) It looks. (b) It
will rain.
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It looks as if it will
rain.
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2.
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(a) It is heavy rainfall
there.
(b) Maize will not grow at
such a place.
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Maize will not grow where
there is heavy rainfall.
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3.
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(a) She refused to sing.
(b) Can she tell me the
reason?
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Can she tell me the reason
why she refused to sing?
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XI.
Use of that, whether, how, what
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) He is hard working.
(b) Everybody knows it.
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Everybody knows that he is
hard working.
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2.
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(a) She may be in the
office.
(b) I do not know.
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I do not know whether she is
in the office.
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3.
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(a) How should I do this
sum?
(b) I do not know this.
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I don’t know how I should do
this sum.
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4.
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(a) What did she say?
(b) This was it.
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This was what she said.
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XII.
Use of to, too … to.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) He is going to Karachi.
(b) He will start
business.
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He is going to Karachi to
start business.
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2.
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(a) You must help your
friend.
(b) It is your duty.
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It is your duty to help your
friend.
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3.
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(a) It is very heavy.
(b) I can’t lift it.
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It is too heavy for me to
lift.
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4.
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(a) She is too weak.
(b) She cannot attend
school.
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She is too weak to attend
school.
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XIII.
Use of verb1+ing, having
+v3, being + v3
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) I saw a tiger.
(b) I cried out.
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Seeing a tiger, I cried out.
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2.
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(a) She took a pencil.
(b) She began to write.
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Taking a pencil, she began
to write.
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3.
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(a) I read the book.
(b) I returned it to Shan.
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Having read the book, I
returned it to Shan.
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4.
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(a) He lost his fortune.
(b) He is now a beggar.
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Having lost his fortune, he
is now a beggar.
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5.
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(a) He is tired of play.
(b) He wants rest.
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Being tired of play, he
wants rest.
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XIV.
Use of noun or phrase in apposition.
Look at these sentences:
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Separate
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Combined
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1.
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(a) Ishfaq is my friend.
(b) He plays badminton with
me.
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Ishfaq, my friend, plays
badminton with me.
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2.
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(a) Lahore is the
capital of the Punab.
(b) It is situated on the
bank of theRavi.
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Lahore, the capital of, the Punjab,
is situated on the bank of the Ravi.
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Linking Words
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And
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but
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or
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so
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For
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yet
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till
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until
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Who
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when
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as
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if
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That
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which
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since
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how
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What
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while
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hence
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else
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Nor
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after
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before
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than
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When
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whose
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why
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where
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Though
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although
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unless
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because
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Whether
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therefore
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still
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neither
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Otherwise
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whenever
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nevertheless
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consequently
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However
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as if
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as well as
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as long as
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as soon as
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both …. and
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as …. as
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so …. as
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even if
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neither …. nor
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either … or
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not only … but also
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