The twentieth century is remarkable
for the most violent and destructive world wars. These unprecedented
catastrophes were brought out on the people of the world by the rivalry of the
European Powers for ascendancy. These
wars have been greatly effected not only human being but also on an
environment, society, politic, religion, and especially literature. Aftermaths
of these are still in existence. Let’s discuss about it in detail.
World
War-I
The
First World War was fought from August
1914 to November 1918. Thirty
two countries were took part in the war. The factors responsible for the war as
follows.
The factors responsible for the war:-
Patriotism and militarism
Patriotism
and militarism were the foremost
important factor to lead a war. After the passing of time patriotic feelings
became violent and aggressive force. Many nations of Europe became selfish and
they wanted to achieve its progress by any cost. Every nations were increased
their military strength. Philosophers and literature also encouraged
militarism.
Imperialism
Imperialism is the second important factor to lead war. The
system under which a politically, economically, and militarily devolved nation
rule over another less developed country may be called ‘Imperialism. The
colonialist and the imperialists dashed with one-another ancient of their late
rivalries and enmities. Their rivalry and enmities brought the world to bring
about a war.
Regional conflicts
The
boundaries of territorial distribution unjustly wrongly drawn out at the Viyena
Congress in 1815 A.D.
All of the nations dissatisfied against these boundaries and the regional
conflicts disputed broken down the peace.
Alliances and treatises
In
1882 Prince Bismarck, the P.M. of Germany formed with Austria, Hungary
and Italy through a secret treaty. In 1894, Russia and England made a treaty of
friendship with Japan. Now these secret
treatises created an atmosphere of fear, suspicion and tension and led
to the war. According to a great historian, “These alliances and treatises
were a major cause of the first World War.”
Germany’s ambition
Germany aspired to world domination.
King Wilhelm Kaiser was extremely ambitious person. German professors exalted war as the highest
function. Her chance came in 1914 when Archduke
Ferdinand was murdered. Russia came as a supporter to Serbia
against Austria and this bought Germany on the scene and declared war on
France. Germany’s ambition of world domination is responsible factor for
war.
Its aftermaths
On
November 11 1918 an
armistice was signed and brought the war to an end. Its aftermaths are as
under.
1. A treaty was signed in 1919 at Versailles near Paris.
The boundaries of all the nations were redefined.
2. Autocracy in many countries of Europe came to an end
and the republican government was established.
3. Patriotic feeling became stronger and led to the rise
of Fascism’ in Italy and ‘Nazicism’ in Germany.
4. ‘The League of Nations’ was formed having a council of the five great powers.
5. Japan secured its place as a world.
6. The economy of majority of countries in Europe was
ruined. Most of ruined economic crisis.
7. Inflation generated. Taxes were demanded from the
people
8. Starvation strikes and unemployment were wide-spread
in the many countries of Europe.
9. Men had dies in large number during the war. Women had
to step forward to work in various fields and to shoulder the responsibilities
in profession.
World War II
The
Second World War was the bloodiest and the most destructive. The First World
War was considered as heroic while the Second World War was considered ghostly.
The Second World War was in embryonic stage in the womb of 1st war. Winston
Churchill says, ‘The war was
‘blood, tears, toil, sweat’. We can see lost of moral and spiritual
values and lost of obedience and order in modern society. The war brings chaos in the world. A famous
poet Yeats points out in ‘The Second Coming’.
Things fall apart, the centre can not hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.”
Second
World War means total annihilation of innocent people. It was fought from
September 1939 to August 14 1945. Let’s discuss about its factors which led to
the war.
Militant Nationalism
Like
the First World War Militant Nationalism were the foremost causes of the
Second World War. The injustice done to
Italy and Germany in the treaty of Versailles resulted in the Nazi party under
leadership of Hitler and Fascist party in the leadership of Mussolini. Japan
took up the slogan ‘Asia for Asians’ and showed the narrow feeling of
nationalism.
The rise of dictatorship
The
rise of dictatorship is the useful factor for the war. As the democratic
government in Italy and Germany failed. It led to the rise of dictatorship who
edited imperialistic politics. Dictators like Hitler and Mussolini felt war was
necessary for reviving their lost glory and piled the stock ammunition. So this
policy of Japan, Italy, and Germany led to the war.
The League of Nations
The League of Nations was
established to serve purpose but yet the fear of war was not decreased and the
countries continued the trend of treatise.
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh and unjust
for Germany. Germany was criticized for the First World War and her colonies
and prosperous territories taken away from her. The heavy war fine of $ 660
crore was imposed on her. So Germany crushed out economically, politically and
militarily. Thus the treaty of Versailles
contained germs of another war.
Hitler’s imperialistic policy
Hitler’s
imperialistic policy was the
immediate cause of the Second World War. He believed that all these countries
where Germany lived must be merged in the German empire. Hitler invaded France
declared war against opposed Germany to protect Poland against Germany
aggression. Thus this was began these Second World War
In the Second World War two crore
twenty lakhs peoples were killed. Billions of dollars are spent. Let’s light
upon the result after the end of the Second World War.
1. U.S. A. becomes the great power.
2. Europe lost its status as the critical of World
Civilization.
3. Britain had also lost their power.
4. United Nations Organization’ came in existence.
5. Rise of nationalism in Asia and Africa.
6. In terms of money it is cost more than 1$ trillion.
7. Those countries who took part in the war ruined
economically.
8. Price-rise, Unemployment, starvation raised their ugly
heads.
9. The nations of the world were divided into two power
Blocs: (a) The Eastern Bloc under
Russia (b) The Western Blocs under America.
Conclusion
To
summing up, the two world wars were the darkest chapter in the history of mankind.
The Worlds wars caused immense havoc in human life and property. The wars
changed the mind and mentality of modern man especially youths. They brought
new generation of angry young man. Because of the wars, modern men became
frustrated. Boredom, weariness, fatigue also entered into human life man. Men
lost the moral and spiritual values. All these aftermaths have been reflected
in modern literature and life. Sasoon
brings out the horror of war.
“The place was rotten with dead, green clumsy legs
High booted, sprawled
and growled long the caps.”
No comments:
Post a Comment